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In Brief

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Hot spot: Alterations of the 16p11.2 chromosomal region may lead to a variety of cognitive disorders, including autism.
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Cold culprit: Swine flu can negatively affect a mouse’s placenta, changing both gene expression and the overall structure of the tissue.
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Talkative twos: Variations of the CNTNAP2 gene can influence whether 2-year-olds speak in sentences or single words.
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Preferred peek: Mice that model fragile X syndrome are more likely to poke their noses into a favorite hole, despite cues directing them to one with a reward.
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Out of the box: Mice lacking the oxytocin receptor are less likely to explore a maze.
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Best medicine: Music may be one way to reach out to children with autism who struggle with language and social interactions.
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Sticky synapses: Cell adhesion proteins, which hold cells together by linking the junctions between neurons, may be involved in autism.
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Talking tots: Two-year-olds with autism are more likely to squeal than are typically developing children at the same language level.
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Power protein: Mutations in DISC1 affect the function of mitochondria, the energy producers of the cell, and could explain their link to autism.
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Nils Brose Lit location: Staining with green fluorescent protein pinpoints the autism-linked protein NLGN4 in the brain.
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Simon says: A controversial theory suggests that mirror neurons, which are activated when we mimic others, are deficient in autism.
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Overlapping genes: Several chromosomal changes can lead to either autism or schizophrenia, including, potentially, the newly identified 7q36.3 region.
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Double trouble: A duplication in PARK2, a gene associated with Parkinson's disease, has been found in a child with Asperger syndrome.
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Accident-prone: Many people with autism are clumsy, which may be due to an overlap in brain regions implicated in motor function and autism.
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Brain targets: Sequencing genes expressed in the brain identifies rare variants that play a key role in neurological disorders.
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Altered development: Some children with autism show early signs of the disorder, whereas others develop normally and experience a sudden loss of skills.
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Mature mutation: Children who have fathers older than 31 have low levels of many of the same genes as do children with autism.
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Risk regions: Rare genetic variations are more likely in families with a history of neurological symptoms than in those with a single case of autism.
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Mind measures: Children who have both language delay and autism are slower than controls at distinguishing syllables.
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Mirror image: Identical twins are believed to be genetically identical, but one twin can have mutations not shared by the other.
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Critical complication: Identifying seizures in individuals with tuberous sclerosis could help clinicians predict autism-like symptoms.
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Linked layers: A new study bolsters the idea that autism arises from abnormal connections between neurons.
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Family ties: 12-month-old siblings of children with autism pay more attention to a familiar face than to a new one.
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Double trouble: Mutations in the DIAPH3 gene lead to autism only when both copies of the gene are altered.
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Setting the stage: Children with autism learned social skills by mimicking their peers in a theater program.
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Disturbed development: Methylglyoxal — a compound that accumulates in cells expressing an autism-associated variant — prevents the growth of cultured neurons.
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Outback family: Children born to aboriginal mothers are more likely to be diagnosed with intellectual disability than with autism.
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Favorite toys: Obsessive interests and an insistence on sameness, core diagnostic features of autism, are difficult to diagnose in young children.
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string-db.org Teamwork: Mutations in multiple linked genes, such as those in the glutathione pathway, may be needed to cause autism.
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Individual identity: People with autism have trouble recognizing faces, but improve after using a computerized training program.
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Crucial connections: Mutations in genes that function at the junctions between neurons are implicated in both autism and intellectual disability.
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Douglas Biklen Voice box: People with autism who struggle with language and coordination can communicate using devices that sound out the words that they type.
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Power pathway: Pyruvate metabolism, a process involved in energy production in the cell, may play a role in autism.
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Electrical activity: Astrocytes (green) maintain the ionic environment outside of neurons (red) and regulate neuronal signaling.
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Nuclear family: Prairie voles, which mate for life and raise their offspring together, are good models for testing compounds that influence social ties.
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Crucial chemical: Serotonin, a neurotransmitter implicated in mental illness, is involved in fetal brain development.
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Invisible illness: New statistics on the prevalence of autism among adults suggest that fears of an autism epidemic are unfounded.
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Modest mouse: Male mice with a mutation in SHANK3 take longer than controls to approach females.
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Methyl modifier: Chemical modifications to DNA, triggered by stressors early in life, can have long-term effects on behavior.
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Innovative inclusion: A new preschool program in Norway integrates children with autism into the classroom at no extra cost to the school or parents.
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Helix hopper: During DNA transcription, an enzyme reads a DNA sequence and produces a complementary strand of RNA.
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